Energy insecurity, or the inability to pay one’s energy bills, is a problem facing millions of American households. In this lecture, Sanya Carley discusses the results from a four-wave survey that she and her coauthors administered to a representative sample of low-income U.S. households during the COVID-19 pandemic. She examines the findings on the prevalence of energy insecurity, the factors that contribute to it, what strategies households use to cope when facing energy insecurity, and how well temporary protections help energy insecure households. Carley also considers a set of reflections and recommendations on policy and scholarship.