The OurEnergyLibrary aggregates and indexes publicly available fact sheets, journal articles, reports, studies, and other publications on U.S. energy topics. It is updated every week to include the most recent energy resources from academia, government, industry, non-profits, think tanks, and trade associations. Suggest a resource by emailing us at info@ourenergypolicy.org.
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Batteries have been widely applied in many high-power applications, such as electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles, where a suitable battery management system (BMS) is vital in ensuring safe and reliable operation of batteries. This paper aims to give a brief review on several key technologies of BMS, including battery modelling, state estimation and battery charging. First, popular battery types used in EVs are surveyed, followed by the introduction of key technologies used in BMS. Various battery models, including the electric model, thermal model and coupled electro-thermal model are reviewed. Then, battery state estimations for the state of charge, …
View Full ResourceThe impending environmental issues and growing concerns for global energy crises are driving the need for new
opportunities and technologies that can meet significantly higher demand for cleaner and sustainable energy systems. This necessitates the development of transportation and power generation systems. The electrification of the transportation system is a promising approach to green the transportation systems and to reduce the issues of climate change. This paper inspects the present status, latest deployment, and challenging issues in the implementation of EVs infrastructural and charging systems in conjunction with several international standards and charging codes. It further analyzes EVs impacts and …
Over the past several years, questions have arisen surrounding the role of electric utilities in the
growing electric vehicle (EV) market. As regulators make critical decisions in the coming years, they
should be mindful of the central role utilities will play to minimize the potential grid impacts of
this new load and increase access to important charging infrastructure.
Utilities have proven their ability to adapt and innovate to handle new challenges. For example, many utilities today have demand response programs that minimize system peaks caused by air conditioning on hot summer days or heating on cold winter nights. Similarly, we …
View Full ResourceThe purpose of this report is to provide state and local lawmakers and regulators, electric
utilities, the electric power industry, the transportation industry, and other energy stakeholders
with timely, accurate, and unbiased updates about how states are choosing to study, adopt,
implement, amend, or discontinue policies associated with electric vehicles. This report
catalogues proposed and approved legislative, regulatory, and utility rate design changes
affecting electric vehicles during the most recent quarter, as well as state and investor-owned
utility proposals to deploy electric vehicles and charging infrastructure.…
This report details American public sentiments toward issues surrounding plug-in electric
vehicles (PEVs) and is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Vehicle Technologies
Office in alignment with its mission to research and implement these technologies to improve
energy security, enhance mobility flexibility, reduce transportation costs, and increase
environmental sustainability.
A PEV is broadly defined as a vehicle that can be plugged in, is powered by an electric motor,
and uses energy stored in an onboard battery. The definition encompasses all-electric vehicles
(AEVs) that are powered by electric motors only and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs)
that can also be …
Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) use electricity from the energy grid to charge large battery packs, then use the
batteries to power an electric motor. They are primarily powered by electricity instead of liquid fuels and produce
no tailpipe emissions. Plug-in vehicles can also generate power from regenerative braking systems, which convert
kinetic energy from the vehicle’s brakes into electricity that is stored in the battery pack. Since plug-in vehicles rely
on rechargeable batteries for power, each vehicle has an electric range—the maximum number of miles it can
travel on battery power before it needs to recharge. Applications for these vehicles …
The global stock of electric vehicles (EVs) reached 1 million in 2015 and exceeded 2 million by the end of 2016. Yet faster growth is needed for EVs to fulfil their role in the global energy transition, both through lowering vehicle emissions and boosting renewable energy use.
This brief outlines the technological and policy advances still needed for EVs to help drive the transition to a sustainable global energy future.
Increasing reliance on EV batteries and charging stations would support higher shares of solar and wind power, the key variable renewable energy (VRE) sources expected to be prominent in future …
View Full ResourceFuel cell vehicles generate electricity by converting hydrogen and oxygen into water and energy. This reaction produces no air pollution and no global warming pollution—only water leaves a fuel cell vehicle’s tailpipe—but the process used to make the hydrogen can generate carbon emissions.
Steam methane reforming, or SMR, is the most common method for producing hydrogen at large industrial scales. SMR causes the methane found in natural gas to react with steam, producing hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The carbon monoxide undergoes further reactions, generating more hydrogen and, crucially, carbon dioxide—a heat-trapping gas. Despite this, fuel cell vehicles driven on SMR-sourced …
View Full ResourceIn the past few years, interest in plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) has grown. Advances in battery and other technologies, new federal standards for carbon-dioxide emissions and fuel economy, state zero-emission-vehicle requirements, and the current administration’s goal of putting millions of alternative-fuel vehicles on the road have all highlighted PEVs as a transportation alternative. Consumers are also beginning to recognize the advantages of PEVs over conventional vehicles, such as lower operating costs, smoother operation, and better acceleration; the ability to fuel up at home; and zero tailpipe emissions when the vehicle operates solely on its battery. There are, however, barriers to …
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