Hydrogen Combustion in Power Plants: Costs, Risks, and Drawbacks

The sustainable production of alternative combustion fuels is at the forefront of many industry conversations around decarbonization. Green hydrogen and green ammonia are touted as potential replacements for fossil fuels, but their actual environmental benefits are questionable. This fact sheet looks at the risks of hydrogen combustion, such as nitrogen oxide and greenhouse gas emissions, intensive water use, expensive storage and transport, and its potential to increase costs for ratepayers.

Utilities in at least 18 states have built or are developing “hydrogen-ready” fossil-fuel power plants. These plants currently run on natural gas, but in the future, they could combust a …

The Drawbacks of Liquid Hydrogen

Hydrogen—the lightest and least dense element—is notoriously difficult to transport and store as a gas. While hydrogen is touted for its high energy density by weight, its energy density by volume is extremely low. Converting hydrogen gas to a liquid, called liquefaction, makes hydrogen denser and theoretically easier to store and transport by cooling it down to extreme temperatures. However, over two-thirds of the energy input is wasted throughout the process, and large amounts of hydrogen are lost through evaporation. Moreover, expensive specialized materials are needed for storage and transportation.

This fact sheet covers the inefficiencies of hydrogen liquefaction, on …

Evaluating Hydrogen for Long Duration Energy Storage

After two decades of relatively flat consumption, energy demand in the United States grew by 2 percent in 2024, a trend that is expected to continue in 2025 and 2026. While new renewable generation is being built to meet this demand, energy storage resources, both hourly and long duration energy storage, will be necessary to maintain a balanced grid. 

This Clean Energy Group report contains new analysis evaluating the feasibility of hydrogen power plants as long-duration energy storage resources, based on cost competitiveness as well as equity and environmental impacts.  …

Evaluating Hydrogen for Long Duration Energy Storage: Costs, Risks, and Equity Considerations

After two decades of relatively flat consumption, energy demand in the United States grew by 2 percent in 2024, a trend that is expected to continue in 2025 and 2026. While new renewable generation is being built to meet this demand, energy storage resources, both hourly and long duration energy storage, will be necessary to maintain a balanced grid.

This Clean Energy Group report contains new analysis evaluating the feasibility of hydrogen power plants as long-duration energy storage resources, based on cost competitiveness as well as equity and environmental impacts.…

National Hydrogen Strategies and Roadmap Tracker

CGEP is pleased to publish this National Hydrogen Strategies and Roadmap Tracker. It gathers the official documents published by governments, including the updates of the strategies and roadmaps when relevant. It does not include strategies which have only been announced in the press, and for which no official document was published.This document will be regularly updated as new strategies and roadmaps are published, and documents and links updated.…

Transporting Hydrogen

Clean hydrogen is needed to achieve an energy-secore, net-zero future, with feasible use cases ranging from fertilizer production and steelmaking to zero-carbon fuels and beyond. As this nascent sector develops, clean hydrogen will need to be transported from where it is produced to where it is consumed, often over long distances. Seaborne transportation of clean hydrogen, however, will be significantly constrained by unfavorable techno-economic factors and technical challenges. Instead, clean hydrogen trade will primarily occur via pipeline, although some countries may import electricity to serve as a feedstock for domestic hydrogen production.…

The Drawbacks of Liquid Hydrogen

Interest in hydrogen for energy generation and energy storage is increasing across the country, fueled in part by the past promises of federal funding and the potential to reuse existing fossil fuel infrastructure and supply frameworks. However, hydrogen—the lightest and least dense element is notoriously difficult to transport and store as a gas. While hydrogen is touted for its high energy density by weight, its energy density by volume is extremely low. To deliver the same amount of energy as natural gas, three times the volume of hydrogen gas is needed.…

Maharashtra’s Pathway to Become a Green Hydrogen Hub

Maharashtra’s Green Hydrogen Policy 2023 signaled a bold step toward decarbonizing its industries and building a green economy. With a target to produce 500 kilotons of green hydrogen annually by 2030, the state is aiming to become a national hub for green hydrogen development.

However, unlocking this opportunity depends on addressing systemic challenges around production cost, infrastructure, and governance. This report assesses Maharashtra’s green hydrogen production competitiveness while assessing the impact of policy incentives on reducing the gap in grey and green hydrogen price points.…

Exploring the Future of Geologic Hydrogen

Exploring the Future of Geologic Hydrogen: Defining the Path Ahead (June 2025)outlines the current state of the emerging geologic hydrogen industry and maps out feasible pathways to prove the technology at scale. The report was developed following a full-day private workshop hosted by the EFI Foundation (EFIF) that brought together over 40 technical experts, industry, policymakers, and investors to assess the current state of geologic hydrogen and chart a path forward.

Geologic hydrogen is a naturally occurring and potentially abundant resource that could play a transformative role in achieving a decarbonized future. With relatively modest discovery and development costs, it …

The Return on Investment of U.S. Clean Hydrogen Policy

The Return on Investment of U.S. Clean Hydrogen Policy (June 2025) quantifies the economic return of U.S. clean hydrogen hubs (H2Hubs) and policy incentives by comparing low-carbon hydrogen program costs with their potential economic benefits.

In 2021, Congress passed the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL), providing $8 billion in funding for new energy infrastructure nationwide. States, local governments, and the private sector have strongly supported H2 Hubs, with at least 469 companies committing up to $50 billion for hub projects.

As momentum for clean energy investment continued, Congress passed the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) in 2022, creating an incentive for producing …