Build AI in America

Building AI in the United States is a national security and economic imperative. As AI systems grow more capable, the energy and computational requirements to train and deploy frontier AI are surging. Recent estimates by outside experts and our own research at Anthropic suggest that the U.S. AI sector is on track to require at least 50 gigawatts of electric capacity by 2028, much of which will be needed to train the world’s most capable models.

America has the economic strength and technical expertise to meet these needs. But doing so will require addressing regulatory challenges—as well as supply chain, …

Exhaustive Precedent

Section 202(a)(1) of the Clean Air Act requires the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to regulate emissions from new motor vehicles that “cause, or contribute to,” dangerous air pollution. In 2007, the Supreme Court issued a landmark ruling that greenhouse gas emissions are covered by Section 202(a)(1) and that EPA must regulate those emissions from new motor vehicles if the agency finds that they contribute to air pollution that endangers public health or welfare. In 2009, EPA made the requisite findings concerning endangerment and contribution based on extensive, peer-reviewed science and thousands of public comments. As a result, EPA established standards …

Monthly Oil & Gas Data Review (July 2025)

Oil demand in JODI-reporting countries was down in May by 823.7 kb/d month-on-month (m/m) and by 493.5 kb/d year-on-year (y/y). The m/m decline was driven mainly by lower demand in China (-558 kb/d), Japan (-286 kb/d), and Germany(-252 kb/d). The y/y decrease was driven mainly by lower crude oil demand from the US (-411 kb/d), Germany (-184 kb/d), The Netherlands (-137 kb/d), South Korea (-133 kb/d) and China (-103 kb/d). The global Gasoline demand in the preliminary JODI reporting countries rose slightly by 48 kb/d, whereas Diesel, Kerosene and LPG demand declined respectively by 960 kb/d, 147 kb/d, and 379 …

New York State Transmission and Distribution Systems Reliability Study and Report

This report provides a comprehensive overview of the systems, regulatory frameworks, and policy contexts that shape electric grid reliability in New York State. The electric grid consists of two core infrastructure components – transmission and distribution – which work in tandem to deliver power from generating sources to consumers. Reliability, in this context, refers to the ability of these systems to provide consistent and uninterrupted electricity, even in the face of operational disturbances, infrastructure constraints, or evolving external pressures. Each chapter of this report explores a distinct element of the electric grid, outlining the structures, practices, and oversight mechanisms in …

Exhaustive Precedent

Section 202(a)(1) of the Clean Air Act requires the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to regulate emissions from new motor vehicles that “cause, or contribute to,” dangerous air pollution. In 2007, the Supreme Court issued a landmark ruling that greenhouse gas emissions are covered by Section 202(a)(1) and that EPA must regulate those emissions from new motor vehicles if the agency finds that they contribute to air pollution that endangers public health or welfare. In 2009, EPA made the requisite findings concerning endangerment and contribution based on extensive, peer-reviewed science and thousands of public comments. As a result, EPA established standards …

Satellite-Based Analysis Uncovers Uneven Solar PV Distribution Across Japan and its Consumption of Forest and Agricultural Lands

The recent development of solar photovoltaics (PV) has generated considerable interest in energy management, appropriate environmental impact assessment, and the seamless integration of PV technology into society. A critical first step in exploring these research opportunities is the creation of a comprehensive PV database that describes the locations and extents of existing PV installations. Automated solar PV detection in satellite remote sensing, based on a machine learning approach, is particularly suitable for studying the characteristics of national-scale solar PV distribution and its impact on the environment. In our study, we first proposed an XGBoost-based solar PV detection with post-processing procedures …

Testimony of the Pipeline Safety Trust

The Pipeline Safety Trust was created after the Olympic Pipe Line tragedy in Bellingham, Washington in 1999. That entirely preventable failure spilled nearly a quarter-million gallons of gasoline into a beautiful salmon stream in the heart of our community which eventually ignited and killed three boys. The U.S. Justice Department was so appalled at the operations of the pipeline company and equally appalled at the lax oversight from the federal government, that they asked the federal courts to set aside money from the settlement to create the Pipeline Safety Trust as an independent national watchdog organization over the pipeline industry …

Satellite-Based Analysis Uncovers Uneven Solar PV Distribution Across Japan and Its Consumption of Forest and Agricultural Lands

The recent development of solar photovoltaics (PV) has generated considerable interest in energy management, appropriate environmental impact assessment, and the seamless integration of PV technology into society. A critical first step in exploring these research opportunities is the creation of a comprehensive PV database that describes the locations and extents of existing PV installations. Automated solar PV detection in satellite remote sensing, based on a machine learning approach, is particularly suitable for studying the characteristics of national-scale solar PV distribution and its impact on the environment. In our study, we first proposed an XGBoost-based solar PV detection with post-processing procedures …

Policy-Driven Transformation of Global Solar PV Supply Chains and Resulting Impacts

Tripling renewable energy capacity by 2030 requires increasing technology production capacity, including solar photovoltaics (PV). Current supply chains rely heavily on Chinese production; however, this situation is not aligned with regions aiming to increase self-sufficiency, decrease supply chain emissions, and increase local job opportunities. Here, we apply a supply chain optimization model to perform scenario analysis of the PV supply chain development through 2021-2030 considering various European economic and job creation goals. Irrespective of regional goals, we find that China is poised to remain a globally dominant supplier through 2030, especially in terms of lower-value PV components, given that future …

The Drawbacks of Liquid Hydrogen

Hydrogen—the lightest and least dense element—is notoriously difficult to transport and store as a gas. While hydrogen is touted for its high energy density by weight, its energy density by volume is extremely low. Converting hydrogen gas to a liquid, called liquefaction, makes hydrogen denser and theoretically easier to store and transport by cooling it down to extreme temperatures. However, over two-thirds of the energy input is wasted throughout the process, and large amounts of hydrogen are lost through evaporation. Moreover, expensive specialized materials are needed for storage and transportation.

This fact sheet covers the inefficiencies of hydrogen liquefaction, on …